Dandruff

Dandruff is flaking of the scalp that leaves visible scales in the hair or on clothing. The scalp may itch, but dandruff is not simply a sign of poor hygiene. Persistent, painful or unusual scaling may have another cause, including a different inflammatory or infectious skin condition.

Is dandruff the same as a dry scalp?

They can look similar, but visible flakes do not identify the cause on their own. Some people have oily scale or inflammation, and others react to hair products. Seborrhoeic dermatitis can also affect areas such as the eyebrows, sides of the nose or behind the ears.

Notice whether symptoms change after a new shampoo, hair dye or styling product. Describe itching, redness, discomfort and any hair loss. Photographs in good light can show the distribution, but an examination may be needed if the diagnosis is unclear.

For the Australian guidance behind this explanation, see Healthdirect Australia: Dandruff - Healthdirect Australia.

How is it managed?

A pharmacist or doctor can advise on scalp care and suitable treatment after considering symptoms and previous attempts. Follow the directions for the particular product, including how it should be used. More frequent or stronger treatment is not automatically better and may irritate the skin.

Avoid scratching or picking at scales. Tell the clinician if you have applied several products, because irritation from treatment can become part of the problem. If symptoms improve and then return, ask about a maintenance approach rather than repeatedly changing products without a plan.

When should I see a doctor?

Arrange review for a painful, swollen or bleeding scalp, patches of hair loss, or symptoms affecting other skin areas. Signs of infection or a rapidly worsening rash need prompt assessment. Dandruff alone is usually not urgent, but the label should not be used to dismiss persistent scalp changes. An online discussion can be a starting point for deciding whether direct examination is needed.

Where to go next

Read online doctor consultations to understand the relevant service. A doctor decides whether a consultation, examination, referral or another pathway is appropriate for your situation.